Investment casting is a manufacturing technique that has been around for thousands of years and is widely utilized in various industries, such as aerospace, automotive, and medical, to name just a few. Stainless steel, known for its high corrosion resistance and strength, is often the material of choice in investment casting projects. CFS Foundry is one of the largest stainless steel investment casting companies in the world, we have produced and exported thousands of cast stainless steel parts for many overseas companies. This comprehensive guide aims to introduce stainless steel investment casting, helping to understand this process exactly.

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What is Stainless Steel?

Stainless steel is a versatile alloy primarily made of iron, combined with a minimum of 10.5% chromium, along with other elements like nickel, carbon, and manganese. The chromium content gives the material its signature anti-corrosive properties. When exposed to air, chromium forms a passive, protective layer of chromium oxide on the steel’s surface, which prevents rusting and tarnishing. Due to its durability, high resistance to corrosion, and aesthetic appeal, stainless steel is widely used in a variety of applications, such as kitchenware, marine, automotive manufacturing, and medical equipment.

Types of Stainless Steel

The classification of stainless steel is based on its microstructure and the alloying elements used, which determine its properties and usability:

Austenitic Stainless Steels

These are the most widely used stainless steels, containing high levels of chromium and nickel, and sometimes molybdenum. The structure of austenitic stainless steel is non-magnetic and can be hardened only by cold working. They exhibit excellent toughness, even at cryogenic temperatures. Common grades include the 300 series, such as 304 and 316, which are known for good chemical resistance and are widely used in investment casting, forging, cnc machining process or other manufacturing processes to creat components for different industries.

Ferritic Stainless Steels

Ferritic varieties have higher chromium content but low levels of nickel. They are magnetic, have good ductility, and are resistant to stress corrosion cracking. Typically used in automotive applications and industrial equipment, popular grades in the ferritic family include 430 and 446.

Martensitic Stainless Steels

These contain higher carbon levels and can be heat treated to high hardness and strength levels. They are magnetic and less resistant to corrosion compared to austenitic and ferritic types. Applications often include cutlery, surgical instruments, and other tools, with typical grades being 410 and 420.

Duplex Stainless Steels

Combining austenitic and ferritic structures, duplex stainless steels offer higher strength and excellent resistance to pitting and stress corrosion cracking. They are often used in aggressive environments like seawater applications, chemical plants, and paper mills. Grades like are common used in investment casting process, to creat quality parts at CFS Foundry.

Precipitation Hardening Stainless Steels

These steels can be hardened through heat treatment, which precipitates a toughening phase. They have a combination of high strength and corrosion resistance and are used in aerospace and other high-tech industries. Grades like 17-4PH stainless steel are typic examples for investment casting.

Can Stainless Steel Be Investment Cast?

Due to its excellent melting and flowing characteristics, Stainless steel is very well-suited for investment casting process. Investment casting is a technique for casting metals like stainless steel that can withstand high temperatures and pour well when molten, allowing for the creation of parts with complex geometries and intricate details.

The stainless steel investment casting process involves creating a wax model or pattern, which is an exact replica of the final product. This wax model is coated with a refractory ceramic material to form a mold, and once the ceramic material hardens, the wax is melted away, leaving a cavity in the shape of the desired part.

Molten stainless steel is then poured into this cavity. Once the steel solidifies, the ceramic mold is removed to reveal the metal part. This method is highly efficient for producing stainless steel parts that require precision, such as those used in the aerospace, automotive, and medical industries. The ability to cast stainless steel in this way offers numerous benefits, including a high degree of accuracy, good surface finish, and the capacity to produce parts with complex geometries and intricate details.

Advantages of Stainless Steel Investment Casting

Complex Geometries and Detailed Features

Investment casting is popular for its ability to handle highly complex geometries, while other metal forming techniques such as die casting or sand casting cannot achieve without secondary operations. The versatility of this process comes from the use of a high-quality wax pattern, which is coated with a refractory material to create a detailed mold. This process faithfully replicates the wax model, including intricate designs such as undercuts, deep internal cavities, fine details like lettering, and textures. As a result, components such as motorcycle footpegs, which require precise dimensions, or machine hardwares with complex internal structures, are ideal candidates for investment casting.

Smooth Surface Finishes

The quality of the surface finish in stainless steel investment castings is another significant advantage. Due to the fine-grained texture of the ceramic mold used in the process, the resulting cast parts exhibit a superior surface finish with a typical roughness range between 125 to 300 Ra microinches, depending on the casting’s size and complexity. This reduces the need for post-casting machining or surface treatment, saving time and reducing costs. For industries like food processing or medical devices, where smooth surfaces are critical for hygiene and cleanliness, this is an invaluable benefit.

Material Versatility

The investment casting process offers great flexibility in terms of different materials. It can accommodate a wide variety of stainless steel alloys, each with unique properties that can be leveraged for specific applications. For instance, 316 stainless steel, with its excellent corrosion resistance, is a good choice for marine or chemical processing applications, while 17-4 PH stainless steel offers a combination of high strength and good corrosion resistance, making it suitable for aerospace and petrochemical industries. Investment casting allows engineers to select the optimal alloy based on the environmental conditions.

Close Tolerances

Achieving close tolerances is another advantage of investment casting. The precision of the investment casting process allows for the production of components with tolerances as tight as ±0.003 inches per inch. This dimensional accuracy can be critical for applications where the parts must interface with other mechanical systems, such as in the case of gear assemblies or when creating components for complex machinery. By minimizing the need for secondary machining, manufacturers can reduce production steps, thus conserving material and labor, which ultimately translates to cost savings.

Cost-Effectiveness for Small Runs

While investment casting does involve considerable upfront tooling costs, it becomes economically advantageous, particularly for small to medium-sized production runs. The ability to produce multiple castings from a single mold, coupled with the reduced necessity for secondary machining and finishing operations, makes investment casting a cost-effective solution for lower quantities. The tooling used in investment casting, typically made from aluminum, can produce thousands of castings before requiring replacement. This makes it an ideal production method for custom components or specialized items where the quantities required do not justify the substantial investment in hard tooling required for die casting or other high-volume processes

What Affects the Cost of Stainless Steel Investment Casting?

The cost of stainless steel investment casting is influenced by several factors. Raw material prices are primary, with fluctuations in stainless steel market prices directly impacting costs. The complexity of the part design also affects the price, as more intricate parts require more labor and tighter tolerances, which can increase production time and resource use. The weight and size of the cast parts contribute to the cost; larger or heavier components require more materials and energy to produce.

Production volume plays a important role as well, with larger quantities typically reducing the cost per unit due to economies of scale. The choice of stainless steel casting foundry can also have cost implications, with factors such as location, labor rates, and expertise varying widely.

Moreover, the type of stainless steel alloy selected—each with different properties and price points—affects the cost. Finishing processes like polishing, heat treatments for enhanced properties, and additional machining for precision all add to the final price.

Lastly, the investment casting process itself, known for producing precise, high-quality components, often involves significant upfront tooling costs, although these are amortized over the production run, affecting the unit cost for smaller batches more than for larger ones.

Tips to Ease Stainless Steel Investment Casting

Pay Attention to the Design Phase

Simplify Designs Where Possible
The complexity of a design can significantly affect the ease of casting and the final quality of the stainless steel part. Designs should be as simple as possible while still meeting the part’s requirements. Avoid unnecessary undercuts, intricate details, and deep recesses, which can complicate the mold and lead to defects.

Consider the Flow of Metal
When designing parts for investment casting, consider how the molten stainless steel will flow into the mold. Smooth, rounded transitions facilitate better flow and reduce turbulence, which can create porosity and other defects.

Factor in Shrinkage
All metals shrink as they cool, and allowances must be made in the design for this shrinkage. Shrinkage can be uneven due to complex geometries, so it is crucial to predict how the part will shrink and to design the mold accordingly.

Choose the Right Wax and Pattern Materials

Quality of Wax Patterns
The quality of the wax pattern is vital because any defects in the pattern will be transferred to the metal part. Ensure the wax is free of impurities and the patterns are inspected for defects before proceeding to the coating process.

Consistency in Wax Pattern Production
Maintain consistent conditions during the production of wax patterns. Variations in temperature or humidity can cause the wax to expand or contract, resulting in inaccuracies in the finished casting.

Are you interested in learning more about customized stainless steel investment casting parts? Contact us today to secure an expert consultation!

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Optimize the Ceramic Shell

Refractory Material Selection
The ceramic material used to create the shell must be able to withstand the high temperature of molten stainless steel without breaking down. It should also be compatible with the wax to ensure a clean burnout and prevent shell cracking.

Shell Drying and Curing
Proper drying and curing of the ceramic shell are critical. If the shell is not fully cured, it can lead to defects in the casting, such as cracks or incomplete parts.

Control the Metal Pouring Process

Temperature Control
Stainless steel has a high melting point, and precise temperature control is necessary for a good pour. The metal should be heated to the appropriate temperature for the specific alloy being used to ensure it fills the entire mold cavity before solidifying.

Pouring Rate and Turbulence
The rate at which the metal is poured into the mold affects the casting’s quality. A controlled and steady pour minimizes turbulence, which can introduce air and result in porosity in the final part.

Implement Thorough Quality Control

Inspection Throughout the Process
At every stage of the investment casting process, parts should be inspected for quality. This includes inspection of the wax patterns, the ceramic shells, and the final metal casting.

Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
After casting, the parts should undergo NDT to ensure there are no internal defects such as cracks or voids. Common NDT methods for stainless steel castings include X-ray inspection and ultrasonic testing.

By following these tips, manufacturers can improve the quality of their stainless steel investment castings and reduce the risk of costly defects. While stainless steel casting can be challenging, attention to detail at each step of the process can result in high-quality, precision components.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Why Does It Take Time to Finish Production ?

Stainless steel investment casting takes time due to its intricate process, involving mold design, wax pattern creation, shell building, melting, pouring, and final finishing. Each meticulous step requires precision and careful quality control to ensure the highest standard of the final product.

What Are The Most common Cast Stainless Steel Grades?

The most common cast stainless steel grades are 304 and 316, known for their excellent corrosion resistance and strength. Grade 304 is versatile and widely used, whereas 316 contains molybdenum, offering heightened durability and suitability for more demanding environments, like marine applications.

Best Stainless Steel Investment Casting Services

CFS Foundry is the global leader when it comes to stainless steel investment casting services. It provides a range of stainless steel investment casting services. Some of the popular offerings of CFS are mold making, investment casting, cnc machining, heat treatment, and surface finishing.

Our advanced technology and expert team consistently deliver superior stainless steel castings . CFS Foundry’s dedication to high quality makes us as a leading manufacturer for clients seeking reliability, durability, and excellence in stainless steel investment castings.

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Questions and Answers

1. What is a “lost wax” “investment casting”? What advantages do I have switching to this method?

Wax is injected into an aluminum tool to produce a pattern. This wax is a positive replica of the actual part increased by a calculated shrinkage of the wax and steel (approx 3%). For every casting one wax pattern must be made. The patterns are then assembled on a common “sprue” The assembly is commonly referred to as a “tree” of parts. The tree is repeatedly dipped into a ceramic slurry followed immediately with a refractory material (sand or stucco with excellent thermal properties). After a proper shell thickness is built, usually taking a week, the wax is removed (usually by autoclaving). The hollow shells are then preheated up to deg. F and molten metal is immediately poured into the hot shells. After cooling, the spent shell material now cracked and fractured is removed. Cleaning operations (cut off, grind, heat treat, straightening, blasting) takes place.

The goal is to supply near net shape parts often requiring little or no further machining or minimal operations. This process offers cost savings, design improvement, broad alloy selection including material interchangeability, close tolerances, and weight reduction. Once the initial tool is made you can start producing consistent parts order after order.

2. What alloys do we pour?

Our company specializes in Stainless and Alloy steels including carbon, low alloy, stainless-(austentic, ferritic, martensitic, duplexes, age hardening), some nonferrous materials – nickel and cobalt base. Also including ultra high strength steels, heat resistant, corrosion resistant, wear resistant, and some tool steels. For a more comprehensive list go to “Alloys Poured”.

Value add services include machining, precision grinding, assembling, spray coating, plating, painting etc. Occasionally we are asked to support custom alloy requirements for our customers.

3. What size range of parts can be produced by our process?

We can produce parts from ounces up to approx 150 lbs. Dimensionally we are able to handle parts that when assembled on a sprue fit into a cube of approximately 20” x 18” x 18”. If unsure or you have any questions about our capacity contact us at [ protected]

4. What “as cast” dimensional tolerances I can expect?Your Title Goes Here

The Investment casting institute publishes a standard generally accepted and adopted by Investment casting operations across the globe. This varies depending on the size and complexity of the part. In addition straightening or specialty foundry operations may be used to improve tolerances on critical dimensions. We recommend that every part and its application be discussed and designed with input from our technical people.
Premium tolerances should be applied only to those “as cast” features which are considered critical relating to function and reliability or where a feature cannot be machined.

Examples of our tolerances include:
A. Linear Tolerances.
Up to 1/2″ +-.007″
up to 1″ +-.010″
every inch after add another +- .005″

B. Minimum Wall Thickness.
Alloy Small Area Normal
300 Series SS ..080”
Cobalt Alloys ..080”
400 Series SS .080″
Carbon Steels .080″

C. Angles.
As cast tolerances of angles depends on their location in casing. They range from +- ½ deg. Design tolerance may be as large as 2 degrees (or more) where a large distortion could be expected.

For a more comprehensive list of tolerances see design data.

5. What type of surface finish can I expect from an investment casting?

Because of the type of process – fine ceramic shell is built around smooth pattern made by injecting of the wax into a polished aluminum die. Casting surface is excellent. See the table below.

Casting Surface Finish.
RMS Range 60-170 (depending on material)
Standard RMS 125

6. How to get the best value from Investment castings

When you consider any process consider the total finished cost of the item. Be it forging, fabrication, machined or casting, it is your total cost that is often the key driver in your decision. Value added features such as consistent near net shape castings, superior as cast surface finish and appearance, cast part numbers, logos and other important branding considerations and are enhancements not easily included with other processes. Many parts that require miscellaneous machining operations or fabrication can be investment cast to full customer satisfaction. Often our parts become an integral part of a fabrication or machined assembly. Again, it is important for our customers to meet us and discuss your requirements to realize the potential value and savings.

7. How many pieces do I need to order to make precision investment castings the right solution?

Tooling amortization is often a key factor when deciding whether or not an investment casting is feasible. Our ability to provide rapid prototype patterns will actually allow us to make castings without hard tooling costs. The answer is to simply contact us at [ protected] or give us a call and together we can explore your best options. Investment casting is one of the most versatile casting processes known.

8. What is the most efficient way to quote an investment casting?

The best way to quote a new investment cast part is to establish direct communication with one of our team members. Discuss your needs and supply as much information as possible including a drawing (and sample if possible). If you can, provide an actual weight, material specs, condition required (kind of heat treatment, NDT, any special requirements such as surface quality, etc.). Also indentify critical dimensions or surfaces and service of the part. Our technical team may offer suggested design changes or considerations when mutual benefit may be realized.

9. What type of tooling is necessary to make a wax pattern?

With today’s technology on low volume, one offs, rapid prototype wax patterns can be produced avoiding hard tooling costs. For any type of future or repeat production needs we strongly encourage the development of hard tooling right from the start. Usually, a split cavity aluminum die is manufactured which is a negative of the final part increased by a shrink factor of the wax and steel. Depending on the complexity of the casting, various combinations of the aluminum, ceramic or soluble cores may be employed to produce a desired configuration. Most tooling price range is within $1,500 – $10,000. Very complicated tooling or high production automated tools can exceed this price range. This tooling is a customer’s property.

10. What about casting integrity?

Investment castings are in a league by themselves and are being used for many commercial and critical applications with a great success. In many material applications and in the appropriate size range investment casting is the “go to” process of choice. We go to extra lengths to ensure your confidence often doing pre-production x-ray and other examinations to bring confidence in your experience of purchasing from Precise Castings Inc.

11. What lead times can I expect when ordering an investment casting?

With rapid prototype capabilities lead times can be very short such as three weeks from receipt of your drawing but a regular quote standard might be 6-12 weeks for tooling and sample castings and another 6-8 weeks for production. The best time to start is now. It does take a few days to generate the initial quote as we work with local toolmakers to design the most reliable, competitive tooling for your needs. If you even remotely think you may have an application or need for lost wax investment castings contact us today.

12. When Should I Contact Precise Castings?

Make the Investment Caster an important part of your product design team. No one will know your product better than you but we can certainly identify areas of concern if your intention is cost, material and time savings in the casting process. Our knowledge of the metal processing industry will enable you to choose the right steps to produce your parts in the fastest, most cost effective manner.

Often, simple, non-functional design changes can be incorporated which will drastically reduce tooling costs.

One of the most attractive aspects of the investment casting process is the versatility of design. The casting buyer should take full advantage of the expertise offered by the foundry’s engineers. This will not only ensure the lowest possible product cost, but will help to prevent costly delays due to re-engineering.

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